Larvicidal effect of Clinopodium macrostemum essential oil extracted by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: In the present study, we determined the chemical composition of Clinopodium macrostemum essential oil obtained by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and its effect on the growth and development of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae. METHODS: The essential oil compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, and bioassays were conducted to evaluate the influence on the developmental stages of early second instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus until the emergence of adults, using essential oil concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800mg/L. RESULTS: The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses revealed that the leaf essential oil of C. macrostemum contained 32 compounds and the major chemical compounds identified were linalool (55.4%), nerol (6.4%), caryophyllene (6.25%), menthone (5.8%), geraniol acetate (4.1%), terpineol (3.7%), and pulegone (2.8%). The essential oil yield obtained by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation was 0.8% at 20 min. The treatments showed lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) of 22.49 and 833.35mg/L, respectively, after the final measurement of the total number of dead larvae (second, third, and fourth instars), and LC50 and LC90 of 6.62 and 693.35mg/L, respectively, at the end of the experimental period. The essential oil inhibited the growth and development of the mosquito larvae by 32% (relative growth index = 0.68) at 50mg/L, and up to 47% (relative growth index = 0.53) at 800mg/L. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated the larvicidal effect of C. macrostemum essential oil on Cx. quinquefasciatus, which can be attributed to the oxygenate compounds obtained by the extraction method.

Efecto patogénico de 3 nematodos parásitos en larvas de Aedes aegypti en condiciones de laboratorio, en Cuba / Pathogenic effect of 3 parasitic nematodes in Aedes aegypti larvae under laboratory conditions in Cuba

Se evaluó el efecto patogénico de 3 nematodos parásitos Romanomermis culicivorax Ross y Smith, 1976, Romanomermis iyengari Welch, 1964 y Strelkovimermis spiculatus Poinar y Camino, 1986, a diferentes dosis de aplicación, en larvas de Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762. Para cada unidad experimental se utilizaron 100 larvas de II estadio de este mosquito y se infestaron con nematodos preparasíticos de las 3 especies, en proporciones de 3:1, 5:1, 10:1, 15:1 y 20:1. Las medias de infestación y las tasas de parasitismo aumentaron en la medida en que se incrementaron las dosis. A bajas densidades de nemátodos (3 y 5 nemátodos/larva) R culicivorax resultó ser más efectivo al compararla con las otras especies, sin embargo con una proporción de 10:1 todos los nemátodos rovocaron 100 por ciento de mortalidad, siendo S spiculatus el nemátodo que provocó las medias de infestación más altas. Por esta razón, una proporción de 10:1 pudiera ser recomendada para que estos nematodos sean evaluados en condiciones naturales en recipientes artificiales no útiles como una alternativa biológica para el control de Aedes aegypti

The Romanomermis iyengari parasite for Anopheles pseudopunctipennis suppression in natural habitats in Oaxaca State, Mexico

In September and November 1996 Romanomermis yengari Welch, a parasite of larval mosquitoes, was released in 44 natural larval habitat sites of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theobald in an attempt to reduce the larval populations of this important malaria vector. The selected treatment sites ranged in size from 5 to 500 m2. The study was carried out in Pochutla District of Oaxaca State, on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Chemical pesticides to reduce vector populations have been the principal tool in malaria supression campaigns. However, the excessive use of these chemiclas has created pesticide resistance and other serious collateral problems. Therefore, a biological control project using agents that are pathogens of Anopheles larvae was initiated in 1996. The principal objective was to establish mass rearing capacities for R. iyengari. Detailed methodology for rearing and introducing these nematodes into mosquito larval habitats was established at the National Polytechnic Institute of Oaxaca State. Before application of the parasites to larval habitats, site characterirstics were determined, including size, depth, aquatic vegetation, salinity, ph, conductivity, temperature, and pretreatment larval density. With a compressed air sprayer, infective mermithid parasites were released at rates of either 2 000 or 3 000/m2, and the parasites produced high levels of infection. Anopheles populations were sampled 72 h posttreatment, and the larvae obtained were taken to the laboratory and examined through microscopic dissection to determine infection levels and mean parasitism. Nematode parasitism ranged from 85 to 100 per cent at all the treatment sites, even though no previous information concerning field parasitism of An. pseudopunctipennis by R. iyengari has been reported. In addition, a significant reduction of mosquito larval density at the treatment sites was found five days after the nematode application. Levels of parasitism were indicative of the number of mosquito larvae killed by the treatment since infected larvae never progressed to the pupal stage. Results from sampling nine of the sites 2 months after the initial application of nematodes indicated that a high number of mosquito larvae were infected by parasites that had emerged from eggs previously deposited in the stratum. This work suggests the potential of this mermithid to reduce An. pseudopunctipennis populations in Oaxaca State

Efecto patogénico del nemátodo parásito Romanomermis iyengari (Nematoda: Mermithidae) en larvas del mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) en condiciones de laboratorio en el Estado de Oaxaca, México / Pathogenic effect of the nematode parasite Romanomermis iyengari (Nematoda: Mermithidae) in Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) undes laboratory conditions in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico

Se realizaron pruebas de laboratorio con aguas procedentes de criaderos de Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (1762), para determinar el efecto patogénico del nematodo parásito Romanomermis iyengari Welch 1964, en larvas de mosquito de esta especie. De acuerdo con los resultados observados, la aplicación de una dosis de 10:1 (10 preparasíticos por larva de mosquito) arrojó niveles de parasitismo del orden de 90, 93, 91 y 85 porciento en larvas de mosquito de I, II, III y IV estadio, respectivamente. Con la dosis más elevada de 20:1 (20 preparasíticos por larva de mosquito) se obtuvieron niveles de parasitismo con valores de 98, 97, 93 y 89 porciento en larvas de I, II, III y IV estadio respectivamente. En general, los valores de los parámetros físico-químicos como Ph, conductividad, oxígeno y cloruros claculados en estas aguas en las cuales se realizaron los ensayos del laboratorio no afectaron aparentemente la capacidad infectiva de los preparasíticos de R. iyengari